Inspection of Radiation Sources and Regulatory Enforcement

اضغط هنا لزيارة موقع الرابط

يمثل هذا الملف إحدي مطبوعات الوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذر ية للوقاية الإشعاعية

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION........................................................1

1.1. Background................................................................1

1.2. Objective....................................................................1

1.3. Scope ........................................................................2

1.4. Structure.....................................................................2

2. OBJECTIVES OF INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT.................................................... 2

3. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF INSPECTIONS....................................................... 4

3.1. Introduction ............................................................4

3.2. National legislation and the regulatory body....... 5

3.3. Legal advice....................................................................6

3.4. Type of inspections.......................................................... ..6

3.5. Organization of inspections ........................................................... 7

3.6. Inspection priorities and frequences ............................................................ 8

3.7. Qualification and training of inspection personnel............................................................... 9

3.8. Resourcing the inspection programme ......................................................... 10

3.9. Liaison with other national bodies................................................................. 11

4. PERFORMANCE OF INSPECTIONS ....................................................13

4.1. Use of checklists by inspectors........................................................... 13

4.2. Preparation for an inspection............................................................ 13

4.3. Indicators of degraded performance ....................................................... 15

4.4. Methods of inspection .......................................................... 16

4.5. Entrance briefing ................................................................17

4.6. Operating organization and responsible staff .................................................................. 17

4.7. Initial overview..............................................................18

4.8. Qualification and training of staff using radiation sources.............................................................. 18

4.9. Inventory of radiation sources ............................................................. 19

4.9.1. Facilities with radioactive sources.............................................................. 19

4.9.2. Facilities with X ray equipment and linear accelerators .................... ..................................19

4.10. Radiation detection and quality assurance equipment.......................................................... 20

4.11. Occupational protection...........................................................20

4.11.1. Working rules and emergency procedures ....................................................... 20

4.11.2. Classification of areas................................................................ 20

4.11.3. Monitoring of the workplace ......................................................... 21

4.11.4. Personnel dosimetry .......................................................... 21

4.11.5. Personal protective equipment .......................................................... 21

4.12. Medical exposure...................................................... .......21

4.12.1. Responsibilities.................................................... 21

4.12.2. Justification.......................................................... 22

4.12.3. Optimization of protection .............................................................22

4.12.4. Constraints for comforters and visitors .............................................. ..................23

4.12.5. Investigation of accidental medical exposures ................................... ........................23

4.13. Protection against public exposure ............................................................. 23

4.14. Safety of radiation sources .............................................................. 23

4.14.1. Area warning signs and labeling .............................................................. 23

4.14.2. Interlocks ............................................................ 24

4.14.3. Shielding............................................................. 24

4.14.4. Surfaces ................................................ 24

4.14.5. Ventilation ............................................. 24

4.14.6. Leak testing of sealed radioactive sources ............................................................. 24

4.14.7. Incident notifications ........................................................ 25

4.15. Radioactive waste management....................................................... 25

4.15.1. Waste storage and disposal of unsealed sources .............................................................. 25

4.15.2. Discharges .......................................................... 25

4.15.3. Transfer of waste ................................................................. 25

4.15.4. Disused sealed sources .............................................................. 26

4.15.5. Records ............................................................. 26

4.16. Transport of radioactive sources.............................................................. 26

4.17. Emergency preparedness and response ............................................................ 26

4.18. Exit briefing.................................................................26

4.19. Inspection report ..................................................................27

5. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENFORCEMENT

PROCESS...................................................... 28

5.1. Management of the enforcement process ........................................................... 28

5.2. Laws and regulations for enforcement ..................................................... 29

5.3. Legal support for prosecution......................................................... 29

5.4. Factors in determining enforcement actions............................................................... 29

5.5. Methods of enforcement........................................................ 30

5.5.1. Written warning or directive .............................................................. 30

5.5.2. Orders to curtail specific activities .............................................. .............. 30

5.5.3. Modification, suspension or revocation of the authorization

certificate .......................................................... 30

5.5.4. Penalties................................................... 31

5.6. Following-up enforcement actions .............................................................. 31

ANNEX I. EXAMPLE OF A CODE OF CONDUCT FOR INSPECTORS ........................................... 33

ANNEX II. EXAMPLE OF A REGULATORY BODY’S ENFORCEMENT

POLICY.............................................................. 35

ANNEX III. EXAMPLES OF CORRECTIVE ACTION LETTERS............................................................ 39

ANNEX IV. INSPECTION PROCEDURES AND RECORDS OF RADIATION

SOURCES .......................................................... 41

REFERENCES................................................... 129

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW........................................................... 131