أهمية البرامج النووية للدول العربية

* المقال محمل بالكامل ضمن جريدة اقتصاد الغد، العدد الثامن عشر بتاريخ الأحد  24 أغسطس 2008

Not for commercial use

 يشتمل هذا الملف علي تغير تكاليف إنشاء المحطات النـــــــووية منذ عام 1974 ، وذلك بتفاصيلها مما يجعل القارئ علي دراية تامة بهذا الموضوع الذي يشغل بال العديد من الدول العربية

COSTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS — WHAT WENT WRONG?

No nuclear power plants in the United States ordered since 1974 will be completed, and many dozens of partially constructed plants have been abandoned. What cut off the growth of nuclear power so suddenly and so completely? The direct cause is not fear of reactor accidents, or of radioactive materials released into the environment, or of radioactive waste. It is rather that costs have escalated wildly, making nuclear plants too expensive to build. State commissions that regulate them require that utilities provide electric power to their customers at the lowest possible price. In the early 1970s this goal was achieved through the use of nuclear power plants. However, at the cost of recently completed plants, analyses indicate that it is cheaper to generate electricity by burning coal. Here we will attempt to understand how this switch occurred. It will serve as background for the next chapter, which presents the solution to these problems.

Several large nuclear power plants were completed in the early 1970s at a typical cost of $170 million, whereas plants of the same size completed in 1983 cost an average of $1.7 billion, a 10-fold increase. Some plants completed in the late 1980s have cost as much as $5 billion, 30 times what they cost 15 years earlier. Inflation, of course, has played a role, but the consumer price index increased only by a factor of 2.2 between 1973 and 1983, and by just 18% from 1983 to 1988. What caused the remaining large increase? Ask the opponents of nuclear power and they will recite a succession of horror stories, many of them true, about mistakes, inefficiency, sloppiness, and ineptitude. They will create the impression that people who build nuclear plants are a bunch of bungling incompetents. The only thing they won't explain is how these same "bungling incompetents" managed to build nuclear power plants so efficiently, so rapidly, and so inexpensively in the early 1970s.

For example, Commonwealth Edison, the utility serving the Chicago area, completed its Dresden nuclear plants in 1970-71 for $146/kW, its Quad Cities plants in 1973 for $164/kW, and its Zion plants in 1973-74 for $280/kW. But its LaSalle nuclear plants completed in 1982-84 cost $1,160/kW, and its Byron and Braidwood plants completed in 1985-87 cost $1880/kW — a 13-fold increase over the 17-year period. Northeast Utilities completed its Millstone 1,2, and 3 nuclear plants, respectively, for $153/kW in 1971, $487/kW in 1975, and $3,326/kW in 1986, a 22-fold increase in 15 years. Duke Power, widely considered to be one of the most efficient utilities in the nation in handling nuclear technology, finished construction on its Oconee plants in 1973-74 for $181/kW, on its McGuire plants in 1981-84 for $848/kW, and on its Catauba plants in 1985-87 for $1,703/kW, a nearly 10-fold increase in 14 years. Philadelphia Electric Company completed its two Peach Bottom plants in 1974 at an average cost of $382 million, but the second of its two Limerick plants, completed in 1988, cost $2.9 billion — 7.6 times as much. A long list of such price escalations could be quoted, and there are no exceptions. Clearly, something other than incompetence is involved. Let's try to understand what went wrong.

Reactor Types

1.Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR)

PWRs use nuclear-fission to heat water under pressure within the reactor. This water is then circulated through a heat exchanger (called a "steam generator") where steam is produced to drive an electric generator. The water used as a coolant in the reactor and the water used to provide steam to the electric turbines exists in separate closed loops that involve no substantial discharges to the environment. Of the 104 fully licensed reactors in the United States, 69 are PWRs.

 www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuc_reactors

/pwr.html

 

2.Boiling Water Reactors (BWR)

The remaining 35 operable reactors in the United States are BWRs.  BWRs allow fission-based heat from the reactor core to boil the reactor’s coolant water into the steam that is used to generate electricity. General Electric built all boiling water reactors now operational in the United States. Areva NP and Westinghouse BNFL have each designed BWRs.www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuc_

reactors/bwr.html

 

3.Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR)

PHWRs have been promoted primarily in Canada and India, with additional commercial reactors operating in South Korea, China, Romania, Pakistan, and Argentina. Canadian-designed PHWRs are often called "CANDU" reactors. Siemens, ABB (now part of Westinghouse), and Indian firms have also built commercial PHWR reactors. Heavy water reactors now in commercial operation use heavy water as moderators and coolants.  The Canadian firm, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), has also recently proposed a modified PHWR (the ACR series) which would only use heavy water as a moderator.  Light water would cool these reactors. No successful effort has been made to license commercial PHWRs in the United States. PHWRs have been popular in several countries because they use less expensive natural (not enriched) uranium fuels and can be built and operated at competitive costs. The continuous refueling process used in PHWRs has raised some proliferation concerns because it is difficult for international inspectors to monitor.  Additionally, the relatively high Pu-239 content of PHWR spent fuel has also raised proliferation concerns.  The importance of these claims is challenged by their manufacturers.  PHWRs, like most reactors, can use fuels other than uranium and the ACR series of reactors is intended to use slightly enriched fuels.  Particular interest has been shown in India in thorium-based fuel cycles.

 http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuc_

reactors/china/candu.html

 

4.High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGR):

HTGRs are distinguished from other gas-cooled reactors by the higher temperatures attained within the reactor. Such higher temperatures might permit the reactor to be used as an industrial heat source in addition to generating electricity.  Among the future uses for which HTGRs are being considered is the commercial generation of hydrogen from water.  In some cases, HTGR turbines run directly by the gas that is used as a coolant.  In other cases, steam or alternative hot gases such as nitrogen are produced in a heat exchanger to run the power generators.  Recent proposals have favored helium as the gas used as an HTGR coolant.  The most famous U.S. HTGR example was the Fort Saint Vrain reactor that operated between 1974 and 1989. Other HTGRs have operated elsewhere, notably in Germany. Small research HTGR prototypes presently exist in Japan and China. Commercial HTGR designs are now promoted in China, South Africa, the United States, the Netherlands, and France though none of these is yet commercially marketed.  The proposed Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) in the U.S. will most likely be a helium-based HTGR, if it is funded to completion.

http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/designs/mhtgr/mhtgr.

GIF

5.Sodium-cooled reactors reactors

Sodium-cooled reactors are included on this list primarily because of proposals to build a Toshiba 4S reactor in Alaska. Sodium-cooled reactors use the molten (liquid) metal sodium as a coolant to transfer reactor generated heat to an electricity generation unit.  Sodium-cooled reactors are often associated with “fast breeder reactors (FBRs)” though this is technically not the case in the 4S design.

دراسات جيولوجية مقترحة  لتقليل مخاطر الزلازل علي موقع مفاعل القوي بمنطقة الضبعة، الساحل الشمالي، مصر

هذه ترجمة لعنوان البحث المنشور عام 1995 من إعداد عبدالعاطي بدر سالمان

البحث تم تحميله بالكامل علي الموقع

* يشتمل هذا الملف علي البحوث التي ألقيت بمؤتمر الوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذرية الذي عقد في فينا في أكتوبر 2000

* الغرض من ذلك إعطاء الفرصة لشباب الباحثين للإطلاع علي البحوث في هذا المجال الهام، وخاصة هؤلاء الذين لا تتاح لهم فرصة للمشاركة في تلك المؤتمرات الدولية 

*بحوث المؤتمر محملة بالكامل ضمن هذا الملف

* ليست للإستخدام التجاري ولكنها لنشر الثقافة النووية

NUCLEAR POWER  PLANT SITE SELECTION 

ABDELATY B. SALMAN 

Ex Ex-Chairman Chairman

Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt

I. Introduction

The aim of this article is to present the The aim of this article is to present the requirements and characteristics for the requirements and characteristics for the nuclear power plant site selection. nuclear power plant site selection.

It will focus on the treatments of the main It will focus on the treatments of the main geologic and tectonic features and the geologic and tectonic features and the nature of the site. nature of the site.

Sitting factors and criteria are important in Sitting factors and criteria are important in assuring that radiological doses from assuring that radiological doses from normal operation and postulated accidents normal operation and postulated accidents will be acceptably low. will be acceptably low.

المحاضرة محملة ضمن هوقعي هذا

The Second Gulf Conference and Exhibition on ‘Environment and Sustainability’

16-19/February, 2009 - Kuwait

Role of the Nuclear Programs in the Sustainable Development and the Environment Preservation in the Arabian Countries

Salman, A.B.

Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O.Box: 530 El Maadi, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

The nuclear programs in the Arabian countries should be taken seriously and need remarkable efforts to be able to share in the countries sustainable development projects. The important first step is the understanding of the nuclear fuel cycle and its demands. Where to explore and find reasonable uranium resources and how to extract uranium from them. It is known that the Arabian countries have lot of oil and gasses, but these are considered as fossil resources that will be diminish with few tens of years.

Therefore, the utilization and need for the nuclear energy will be essential. It should be noted that the importance of the water issue in the Arab countries is well known "as the situation faced by the countries of the Middle East and North Africa is very critical". So, one of the main demands to nuclear programs is desalination of see water to overcome the water shortage problems.

In addition, the development projects are expanded year after year in our Arabian countries and the need for more energy is essential for the sustainable development of the ongoing and future projects.

The nuclear programs play an important role in the environment preservation where no CO2, SO2 and NO2 gases emitted. Radiation monitoring is essential for checking the land, soil, air, water and indoors radiometric pollutions. Therefore, the construction of baseline radiometric maps is of fatal importance for the Arabian countries. These maps can be used as historical record for watching any radiological hazards at any part of the country.

للحصول علي البحث كاملا يرجي الاتصال بي:

[email protected]

Egypt invites tenders for nuclear power plant

أهمية البرامج النووية للدول العربية