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font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-pending-long3, li.fr-pending-long3, div.fr-pending-long3 {mso-style-name:fr-pending-long3; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#E2CACA; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-unreviewed-unwatched, li.fr-unreviewed-unwatched, div.fr-unreviewed-unwatched {mso-style-name:fr-unreviewed-unwatched; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:antiquewhite; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-under-review, li.fr-under-review, div.fr-under-review {mso-style-name:fr-under-review; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:yellow; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.flaggedrevsreviewform, li.flaggedrevsreviewform, div.flaggedrevsreviewform {mso-style-name:flaggedrevs_reviewform; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#F9F9F9; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-controls, li.fr-rating-controls, div.fr-rating-controls {mso-style-name:fr-rating-controls; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; line-height:12.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-controls-disabled, li.fr-rating-controls-disabled, div.fr-rating-controls-disabled {mso-style-name:fr-rating-controls-disabled; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; line-height:12.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-options, li.fr-rating-options, div.fr-rating-options {mso-style-name:fr-rating-options; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-option-0, li.fr-rating-option-0, div.fr-rating-option-0 {mso-style-name:fr-rating-option-0; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#F5ECEC; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-option-1, li.fr-rating-option-1, div.fr-rating-option-1 {mso-style-name:fr-rating-option-1; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:aliceblue; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-option-2, li.fr-rating-option-2, div.fr-rating-option-2 {mso-style-name:fr-rating-option-2; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:honeydew; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-option-3, li.fr-rating-option-3, div.fr-rating-option-3 {mso-style-name:fr-rating-option-3; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#FEF0DB; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-option-4, li.fr-rating-option-4, div.fr-rating-option-4 {mso-style-name:fr-rating-option-4; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:ivory; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-diff-patrollink, li.fr-diff-patrollink, div.fr-diff-patrollink {mso-style-name:fr-diff-patrollink; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-notes-box, li.fr-notes-box, div.fr-notes-box {mso-style-name:fr-notes-box; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:12.0pt; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:6.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-comment-box, li.fr-comment-box, div.fr-comment-box {mso-style-name:fr-comment-box; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-dave, li.fr-rating-dave, div.fr-rating-dave {mso-style-name:fr-rating-dave; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#E0ECF8; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-rating-rave, li.fr-rating-rave, div.fr-rating-rave {mso-style-name:fr-rating-rave; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#E0F8EC; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.fr-hiddenform, li.fr-hiddenform, div.fr-hiddenform {mso-style-name:fr-hiddenform; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; display:none; mso-hide:all;} p.usermessage, li.usermessage, div.usermessage {mso-style-name:usermessage; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.ipa, li.ipa, div.ipa {mso-style-name:ipa; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:inherit; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.infobox, li.infobox, div.infobox {mso-style-name:infobox; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:12.0pt; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#F9F9F9; border:none; mso-border-alt:solid #AAAAAA 1.5pt; padding:0cm; mso-padding-alt:2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;} p.hiddenstructure, li.hiddenstructure, div.hiddenstructure {mso-style-name:hiddenstructure; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; display:none; mso-hide:all;} p.messagebox, li.messagebox, div.messagebox {mso-style-name:messagebox; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0cm; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#F9F9F9; border:none; mso-border-alt:solid #AAAAAA 1.5pt; padding:0cm; mso-padding-alt:2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.tickerstatusdone, li.tickerstatusdone, div.tickerstatusdone {mso-style-name:tickerstatus_done; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; text-decoration:line-through;} p.tickerusage, li.tickerusage, div.tickerusage {mso-style-name:tickerusage; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.tickertemplateentry, li.tickertemplateentry, div.tickertemplateentry {mso-style-name:tickertemplateentry; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold;} p.tickerminorentry, li.tickerminorentry, div.tickerminorentry {mso-style-name:tickerminorentry; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#666666;} p.references-small, li.references-small, div.references-small {mso-style-name:references-small; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.references-2column, li.references-2column, div.references-2column {mso-style-name:references-2column; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.same-bg, li.same-bg, div.same-bg {mso-style-name:same-bg; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.infoboxv2, li.infoboxv2, div.infoboxv2 {mso-style-name:infobox_v2; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:12.0pt; margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:0cm; line-height:13.2pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#F9F9F9; border:none; mso-border-alt:solid #AAAAAA 1.5pt; padding:0cm; mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;} p.dablink, li.dablink, div.dablink {mso-style-name:dablink; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-style:italic;} p.allpagesredirect, li.allpagesredirect, div.allpagesredirect {mso-style-name:allpagesredirect; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-style:italic;} p.navbox-title, li.navbox-title, div.navbox-title {mso-style-name:navbox-title; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#CCCCFF; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.navbox-abovebelow, li.navbox-abovebelow, div.navbox-abovebelow {mso-style-name:navbox-abovebelow; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; text-align:center; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#DDDDFF; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.navbox-group, li.navbox-group, div.navbox-group {mso-style-name:navbox-group; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#DDDDFF; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; font-weight:bold;} p.navbox, li.navbox, div.navbox {mso-style-name:navbox; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#FDFDFD; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.navbox-subgroup, li.navbox-subgroup, div.navbox-subgroup {mso-style-name:navbox-subgroup; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#FDFDFD; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.navbox-list, li.navbox-list, div.navbox-list {mso-style-name:navbox-list; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.navbox-even, li.navbox-even, div.navbox-even {mso-style-name:navbox-even; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; background:#F7F7F7; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.navbox-odd, li.navbox-odd, div.navbox-odd {mso-style-name:navbox-odd; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.navtoggle, li.navtoggle, div.navtoggle {mso-style-name:navtoggle; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.editsection, li.editsection, div.editsection {mso-style-name:editsection; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.mw-plusminus-pos, li.mw-plusminus-pos, div.mw-plusminus-pos {mso-style-name:mw-plusminus-pos; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:darkgreen;} p.mw-plusminus-neg, li.mw-plusminus-neg, div.mw-plusminus-neg {mso-style-name:mw-plusminus-neg; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:darkred;} p.entete, li.entete, div.entete {mso-style-name:entete; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.media, li.media, div.media {mso-style-name:media; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.imbox, li.imbox, div.imbox {mso-style-name:imbox; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.tmbox, li.tmbox, div.tmbox {mso-style-name:tmbox; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.sitenoticesmall, li.sitenoticesmall, div.sitenoticesmall {mso-style-name:sitenoticesmall; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.sitenoticesmallanon, li.sitenoticesmallanon, div.sitenoticesmallanon {mso-style-name:sitenoticesmallanon; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.sitenoticesmalluser, li.sitenoticesmalluser, div.sitenoticesmalluser {mso-style-name:sitenoticesmalluser; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; 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الزلزال هو ظاهره عبارة عن اهتزاز أرضي سريع يعود إلى تكسر الصخور وإزاحتها بسبب تراكم إجهادات داخلية نتيجة لمؤثرات جيولوجية ينجم عنها تحرك الصفائح الأرضية. قد ينشأ الزلزال كنتيجة لأنشطة البراكين أو نتيجة لوجود انزلاقات في طبقات الأرض.
تؤدي الزلازل إلى تشقق الأرض ونضوب الينابيع أو ظهور الينابيع الجديدة أو حدوث أمواج عالية إذا ما حصلت تحت سطح البحر (تسونامي)فضلا عن آثارها التخريبية للمباني والمواصلات والمنشآت وغالبا ينتج عن حركات الحمل الحراري في المتكور الموري (Asthenosphere) والتي تحرك الصفائح القارية متسببة في حدوث هزات هي الزلازل. كما أن الزلازل قد تحدث خرابا كبيراو تحدد درجة الزلزال بمؤشر وتقيسه من 1 إلى 10:من 1 إلى4 زلازل قد لا تحدث اية اضرار أي يمكن الاحساس به فقط، من4 إلى 6 زلازل متوسطة الاضرار قد تحدث ضررا للمنازل والاقامات، اما الدرجة القصوى أي من 7الى10 فيستطيع الزلزال تدمير المدينة باكملها وحفرها تحت الأرض حتى تختفي مع اضرار لدى المدن المجاورة لها
كيف تتكون الزلازل
أثناء عملية الاهتزاز التي تصيب القشرة الأرضية تتولد ستة أنواع من موجات الصدمات، من بينها اثنتان تتعلقان بجسم الأرض حيث تؤثران على الجزء الداخلي من الأرض بينما الأربعة موجات الأخرى تكون موجات سطحية، ويمكن التفرقة بين هذه الموجات أيضا من خلال أنواع الحركات التي تؤثر فيها على جزيئات الصخور، حيث ترسل الموجات الأولية أو موجات الضغط جزيئات تتذبذب جيئة وذهابا في نفس اتجاه سير هذه الأمواج، بينما تنقل الأمواج الثانوية أو المستعرضة اهتزازات عمودية على اتجاه سيرها. وعادة ما تنتقل الموجات الأولية بسرعة أكبر من الموجات الثانوية، ومن ثم فعندما يحدث زلزال، فإن أول موجات تصل وتسجل في محطات البحث الجيوفيزيقية في كل أنحاء العالم هي الموجات الأولية.
نظريات نشأة الزلازل
كانت الأرض منذ نشأتها جسمًا ساخنًا كسائر الكواكب، وحينما برد كوّن الغلاف المائي وجذب له الغلاف الهوائي، ومع زيادة البرودة.. تكوَّنت الطبقة الصلبة الخارجية المعروفة باسم القشرة، لكن باطن الأرض ظل ساخنًا حتى الآن، ويحتوى على صهارة للمعادن يموج بظاهرة تعرف بتيارات الحمل الداخلية، التي تعمل بالاشتراك مع الحرارة المرتفعة جدًّا على تآكل الصخور الصلبة في القشرة الصلبة وتحميلها أو شحنها بإجهادات وطاقات عظيمة للغاية تزداد بمرور الوقت، http://ar.w
