Kidney damage heavily influences the welfare of laying hens and eventually may even lead to mortality. This can be avoided, however. The best way to prevent the formation of kidney stones is supplementing poultry diets with acidifiers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kidney damage (urolithiasis) is a degenerative renal disease involving urolith formation in the ureters of laying hens. It may be associated with multiple etiologies (high dietary calcium, low dietary phosphorous and nephropathogenic IBV). Kidney lesions and visceral gout are among the most commonly diagnosed causes of mortality in poultry. The kidneys are involved in a wide range of essential functions. Therefore it is not surprising that kidney dysfunction can cause profound problems for the poultry industry.

Urolithiasis is defined as an acquired degenerative kidney disease of pullets and laying hens involving focal mineralisation of the kidneys, progressive obstruction of the ureters by uroliths (kidney stones), and kidney atrophy of the site of ureteral obstruction combined with compensatory hypertrophy by the undamaged portions of the kidneys. This condition is associated to multiple etiologies; it is primarily observed in layer hens and induces an increased mortality and a decrease in egg production. Death occurs due to uricemia when functional kidney mass is insufficient to sustain normal metabolism.

Signs and examination

The most common signs are dehydration, pale combs and depression. In some cases, layers are emaciated with atrophy of the breast and leg muscles. Several birds have marked swelling and reddening of the feet. High mortality is observed between 19 to 35 weeks old. Total flock mortalities ranging between 2% and 50% have been documented.Mortality is mostly associated with severe kidney atrophy and obstruction of ureters. Many birds have unilateral or bilateral urinary involvement with either severe atrophy (Photo 1) or irregular hypertrophy of one or several lobes of the kidneys. The ureters are markedly enlarged with irregular white uroliths (Photo 2). The urolith enlarges to fill an entire ureter, causing the entire obstructed kidney to degenerate

 

Photo 3 - Uric acid deposition all over the heart (Visceral gout).

 

Photo 1 - 30 weeks-old layer: Compensatory hypertrophy of the right kidney with complete atrophy of the left kidney. Birds can survive as long as two of their six kidney divisions remain functional.

 

Photo 2 - 20 weeks-old layer: Large uroliths filling both ureters with moderate atrophy of the right kidney.

Eventually only the ureter swollen with fluid and enclosing a large urolith (up to 5 cm long) remains. The unaffected kidney becomes obviously enlarged due to compensatory hypertrophy. Birds can survive and remain productive as long as two of their six kidney divisions remain functional. Ureteral blockages by uroliths and renal atrophy and hyperplasia are present with diffusely enlarged and pale kidneys. The tibiotarsal joints are affected by gout; birds have extensive uric acid deposits throughout the visceral organs (Photo 3), peritoneal membrane, and subcutaneous tissues.

Causes of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis is caused by pathophysiological interactions between several factors:
• Excess dietary calcium and inadequate dietary available phosphorus  
Calcium and phosphorus are very closely related to each other, and the deficiency or excess of one can interfere with the proper utilisation of the other. The disturbed balance of these minerals in diet can result in various pathological conditions including renal failure and development of gout. The combination of high dietary Ca and low aP (available phosphorus) during pullet growout triggers urolithiasis in both pullets and laying hens. It also was of interest that the combination of high dietary Ca and normal aP also triggers a significant incidence of urolithiasis in hens, but this kidney damage remains “hidden” during pullet grow out.   • Nephropathogenic strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) These were isolated during many urolithiasis outbreaks. IBV may cause kidney damage without necessarily causing respiratory symptoms or problems with eggshell quality, it usually does not cause urolithiasis during pullet growout but it may trigger urolithiasis when pullets are fed high calcium diets.   • Water deprivation This is suspected of triggering urolithiasis in commercial flocks, it possibly causes urolithiasis when fluid flow through the kidneys is decreased  

Dietary acidification treats urolithiasis

Supplementing poultry diets with “acidifiers” (ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate) is useful to reduce the urine pH and prevent kidney stone formation; it may also increase water consumption, urine flow and manure moisture. Dietary supplementation with 0.5% ammonium sulphate has become the treatment of choice for dissolving existing uroliths and preventing new uroliths from forming in flocks experiencing an outbreak of urolithiasis. The treatment must continue for the entire remainder of the production cycle. Otherwise, uroliths will begin to form once again in hens with damaged kidneys, and within two weeks after acidifier withdrawal substantial urolithiasis mortality can be expected to resume