Boilers

Definition and types of boilers : -
Steam boilers in the simplest a Haabarh picture of a bowl with a surface area of heating and of water محدودتين the capacity and the uses Hraralrf source water temperature to the boiling point and produce a limited amount of steam.
And boiler Vkrhanchae began with James Watt, the observation that when water heating it generated steam to Hkdrh the moving objects (ie, it has the ability to make a run ) .
The study to Amkanehaltgm in steam generated can even take advantage of this energy Steam Alogradalmikanekih :
1 - was the work of a boiler to generate steam as in Figure (1 - a ) , and the form of ( 1 - b) was very high in the loss of thermal energy for fuel and a small space began Altfkerve development of the boiler.
Development began in the boiler in terms of :

1) reduce heat Manalvkd .
2) increase the heating surface .

2 - was reached modify Almrjellalsabak as Figure 2 ( a , b).
Thus was obtained :

1) increase Stahaltschan space .
2) reduce heat loss .

3 - reach Cochran for boiler work as Balchuklno. ( 3 ), in which fuel is regulating the entry and exit of gases with them to keep same Alvkrhalsabakh and it has advantages for species known at the time in terms of:

1) is especially Hgerhhariq .
2 ) the use of bricks for the first time .
3 ) supplemented tracks to Gallastvadh them .
4) increase the area of ​​the heating.
5) a relatively large capacity .
6 ) relatively Kfahkberh .

- Then he Kurz boiler design and preferred to be horizontally where existing Kintallone the the vertical as in Figure (4)

- The modified Ptarigalmuasir then to increase the heating surface as the form ( 5).

- And then the Lancashire work Mrgelkma Figure ( 6 ) .

- He then modify it as the form ( 7 ) and objective of Altadelho :

* Increased heating surface .
* Reduce heat loss .

- Boiler Bdotdrash interference commercial field - began Babcock and Olcox work boiler Kmapalchukl the No. (8) .
- Boiler with water pipes , a type with neutrophil pipes .

- And then the boiler has been modified and former producing boilers Bibikulk and Cox amended Kmapalchukl No. ( 9 ) .
, A boiler with of neutrophilic water pipes .

- Was amended once boiler Okhryoanteg as in Figure ( 10 ) .
A boiler with water pipes Hopper and Mthelhma amendment gave the possibilities : -

1) increase the heating surface .
2) reduce heat Manalvkd .
3) increase the amount of steam generator and increase the vapor pressure and vapor possibility Tzoadhbmahmas to raise its temperature .

Boilers of locomotives

This Alnoafee used locomotives and rail can also be used in a steam generating plants of flame Tarazonabeb where passing the gases inside the pipes and combustion gases are grouped in Sndoukadm then the chimney.
Usually be:
Drum diameter = 2 m
Barrel length = 4.5 m
Heating surface area = 200 m 2
And Bmahmas provider as in Figure ( 11 ) .

Boiler water pipes
Water Tube Boiler

We turn Hmaalnoa to detail is most commonly used in industry companies :

The boiler consists of the following Alodzaoualrisah : -

- Boiler Drum
- Water Pipes Water Tubes
- Pipes complexes ( hydrate ) Headers
- Furnace furnace
- الفونية Burner
- Roasted Super Heater
- The provider Economizer
- Air heater Air Heater
- Smoked Stake
- Boiler buildings ( thermal brick ) Fire Bricks

Necessary extensions to the boiler : -

- Marawah of air Forced Draft Fan
- Fan withdraw gases Induced Draft Fan
- Feed water pumps Feed Water Pumps
- Fuel pumps ( diesel ) Fuel Pumps
- Heaters Fuel Fuel Heaters
- Ilov safety Safety Valves
- Control devices in the operation of the boiler Controls
- Measurement Instruments gauges
- Fuel and water tanks Tanks
- Thbloh run the boiler Control Panel
- Alderitr Dearator
- Alheiabat Soat Blowers

The main parts : -

1 - Boiler Drum : -

* Asitoanahalchukl of thick steel .
* Related tubes from the bottom . * Internal barrier Evsalehyz steam into water .
* Install it from the top of the main Albulv steam and Blvaloman .
* Related water line of the provider , if any.

- And where Algalayhoalheidarat and pipes represent pressure vessels Palmrgel and the pressure is lifted degree Ahararhllme and steam until the required specifications to run ..
Therefore necessary need to choose Almadnosmk the boiler , hydrates and pipes until its collapse does not occur when temperature Alchgalalmertfh .

For the safety of the boiler surfaces during operation is required : -

* Dharorhaltakd of private water specifications and oxygen separation .
* When maintenance or saver boiler Alzmahfez of oxygen corrosion ( rust ) using the material will have portability Amtsasaloxgen of air conditioning and put them in a vase open and close the boiler or painting Palmuadalkimawih allocated to it which keeps them from rusting and click.

Impact clicking Fayalgalayh : -

Clicking Pitting is the removal or loss of part of the metal in different places Mnstah the metal.
The depth varies clicking from one place to another and must therefore measure the thickness of the boiler all Mdhvama found by clicking recalculated after subtracting the depth of fish clicking and re - the operating pressure Aljdidoaillt account safety wrap on the new pressure .

2 - Water Pipes Water Tubes: -

* The link between the boiler and complexes.
* Made of steel and bear Aldgutalaalah .
* Pipe thickness of 3-4 mm to facilitate the process of heat transfer of Ghazatalaanrac in the oven to the water inside the pipes .
* Bends and curves different Hsptsamam the boiler and to increase the surface area of ​​the heating .

3 - Pools pipes Headers hydrate : -

* There is a complex or more depending on the design of the boiler.
* Manufactured Asalbbaktr the 150 - 200 - 250 mm thickness of 10 - 12 by pressure
* Relate water mains Banalgalayh , and complexes.

4 - oven ( house fire ) Furnace: -

* Into Lafraghristit the water pipes from each side and contains the combustion gases from burning fuel Kmapalchukl ( 12a) .
* Oven size varies depending on the oven and energy design.
* Hrarhalgazat degree high in the oven up to more than 1,000 degrees Celsius.
* You must be well Frenmazola for outside air so there is lost in heat energy.
* (Figure 12b) illustrates house fire for Vampire boiler and diesel with Tipper mat .
* Shape (12 c ) illustrates house fire a Vampire and diesel boiler with Tipper mat .

5 - الفونية Burner ( called Almdhirrat ) : -

* Is a means fuel injection in the boiler furnace to burn .
* Differ by design : -

1 - الفونية of fixed ( hard Almzrr )

A - Mdhiraat the Tzerar diesel direct :

Ablation depends on diesel fuel oil pressure and Drjhhrarth .. Diesel pressure up to 20 kg / cm 2 and the temperature 95 - 98 degrees Celsius and Ajbola the temperature reaches 100 degrees so as not to turn the water in the diesel Elyboukhar the cause flame cutting .

B - Mdhiraat the Tzerar Almazhutbalbkhar :

Bulbs called steam injection diesel and a dependent ablation in this Alhalhaly the vapor pressure and not on diesel pressure .
Fuel oil pressure 14 kg / cm 2
Vapor pressure of 15 kg / cm 2

2 - rotary الفونية : -

A fan spin quickly Aalahtsal to 500 l / d . When it enters the diesel 0.9 kg / cm 2 turns into mechanical energy ( kinetic ) high because of the high speed and cause fuel molecules inside Ablation oven and Aldzoualdoar the so-called ( cup ).

* Figure 13 illustrates HID direct diesel injection (Figure 14 ) shows the steam injection (Figure 15 ) shows the mechanical diesel Ablation .

Azahrhalanfjar inside the house fire ( oven) : -

* As a result of poor operating diesel-powered light bulbs ( Alfoany ) or damage to the diesel cycle leads to liquefy gas oil inside the house fire a burnt Mazongar component ( accumulated ) .
Due to the high temperature furnace and an air Plus Zumamilit a fire the cumulative diesel ignites once , causing a large volume of production Ghazatalaanrac inside the house , causing the explosion and fire caused by this in تصديع the explosion buildings Pittalnar and the collapse of the water pipes to the wall .

* Because of the volatility of part of Almazutalmcil with combustion gases cleave this diesel بمواسير the water in a house fire and boiler Moacirben has up to tubes and air heater caused an explosion in tubes Pittalnar - and Pipes burning heater air to a fire when the boiler stops .

* Zlkiqb attention well Balfoany and diesel until the connections do not occur this dangerous phenomena .

- Equipment Sucker Fire : -

A ) Sucker feeders .
B ) Sucker Mdhiraat .
C ) Sucker mat .

A - Sucker feeders :

The feeders Almassasbthdid quantity to be her burning inside the house fire in accordance with the load boiler required Almsamma'leh , and is determined by the required amount of Sucker according to the maximum rate of evaporation of the boiler and Aadhistkhaddm ( 3-4 ) feeders for the boiler and the speed of feeder ranging from (( 9 - 16) ) rev / min or ( (25 - 40)) m / min.

Types of feeders Sucker : -

1) rotary cylinder :

It is a cylinder with a diameter of at least 350 mm and not more than 900 mm and prove its Kbaat exterior of the Vampire and moving cylinder Hrkhdoranih the inside of the body sheet to be transported Sucker to Almdhiraat as the form ( 16 ) .
And Eetmtgier amount Sucker change the speed of the feeder .

2 ) augers Sucker :

Istkhaddmoslob auger to transfer Sucker Almdhiry , as shown in Figure (17) as well as the quantity is Altgmvi Sucker Climate auger speed .

B - Sucker Mdhiraat : -

Sucker Zivthatdhirah inside the house fire until the fire homogeneity with air .

Types:

1 ) Sucker مذرية the mechanical.
2 ) Sucker مذرية which work Dguetalhoa .

1 ) Sucker Mdhiraat the mechanical :

It is a cylinder Mrkbaaliha routers Vampire and run at high speed about 750r.pm and the Almdhiry speed Alkhtihhawwala 450-50m/min as the form ( 18).

* , Taking into account the need to adhere to Ptbredalkarase due to operating conditions and high temperatures which Almdhiry exposed and cooling Aadhakon water , and maintenance is expensive for the other type and efficiency are also low.

2 ) Sucker Mdhiraat the air :

These are tubes and Mujhatllahoa help out the air with water, and maintenance is expensive for the other type and Kvaúthmnkhvdh also and especially (fan air ablation or fan secondary air ) and this Alnoaamtaz for Type I at ease and simplicity of maintenance, low cost, and check Aloslubalhaddat to fire Sucker , a fire in the house fire
( ( Commentator fire ) (see figure) 19).

C - Sucker mat : -

There are two commonly used mats .
1 ) Animations mat as the form ( 20 ) .
2 ) Tipper mat as the form ( 21 ) .

The development of the mat means high rate of fuel burned per unit Almessahatellhasirh The development of the boiler is intended to increase the surface heating terms that the higher Madalalboukhar generated boiler whenever required higher rates of fuel burn and in a manner Tknulogimottagdm especially after using pipes Almkuah to increase the surface heating, the mat is Ncefalmrgel hand Responsible energy is with the fire Bamozy the house and Almdhira on burning Alocodhariq the full reduction of loss as follows :

A) The efficiency of the mat and usually does not exceed 2.5 %.
B) The fire house fire and usually does not exceed 2.5 %.
C) has radiation فيبيت the fire and usually does not exceed 5 %.

6 - roasted Super Heater:

* Istamlerf temperature steam at the same pressure .
* A large collection of Almuasiraly form of mechanisms related to the main steam pipe emerging from the boiler .
* Placed Mahmsfi the path of the combustion gases after graduating from the oven directly.
* Whenever Madt space Stahamahmas .. More ذاد the heat transfer and thus the steam temperature rises . And Bzlkestphad the largest amount of the amount of heat and high efficiency boilers.

Types المحمصات :

1 - roasted head
2 - Roasted Horizontal

7 - provider Economizer: -

* Is used to raise the temperature of the feed water .
* A number of mechanisms Pipes Mtsalahibmjma , connection with leaving Balgalayh .
* Provider is placed in the path of the combustion gases down roasted .
* Whenever Madt the surface area of ​​the provider , the higher the water temperature Nutrition and Baltalizid of the efficiency of the boiler.
* The speed of water in the pipes provider (0.46 - 0.92 m / s)
* Speed ​​gases when the provider ( 4-7 m / s)
* In the sugar companies are feed water Aadhand temperature of about 90 degrees Celsius and where the operating pressure boilers often be 23 kg / cm 2 (gauge) it is necessary to raise the temperature of the water inside the boiler before adding Ahararhalcamna to about 220 degrees means that there is considerable scope for raising water nutrition Boisthasthaddam the Almovrat . Figure 22 illustrates the form of the provider.

* Troubles provider :

Usually caused by the provider in a lot of trouble for the operator and the reason for this Hosu water used in the feeding of boilers or sulfur gases from burning diesel.

1) the high proportion of oxygen , thereby helping on the occurrence of holes .
2 ) Tkoanroasp the supplied files .
3) the provider exposure to combustion gases shall be vulnerable to Trakamalramudh of which has an impact in the incidence of rust.
4) If there is a hole in the provider a result Altathiralhaamady or oxygen it helps accumulation Alramudh the withdrawals in greenhouse Almdkhnaoazbb in the clogged area of ​​the provider , as well as the blockage of air heater tubes .

- And therefore calls for some factories to cancel the provider , سندها in that boilers Aliapanihalhaddath ( Tacoma ) supplied the company does not have a provider with high efficiency boilers .

But the truth is that the designer did not lose sight of that in boilers Tacoma Making space Stahskhan air about 82 % of the surface area of ​​the heating in the boiler , while the boiler Almzodahibmovrat heaters does not increase the surface area of ​​the heating of air heaters for 45% so Odavalmsamm provider even if we have to cancel the provider as some people call We lost about 4 % of Ulkipahahararia of the boiler .

* Provider Cleanliness and maintenance of : -

Intended cleanly provider Honzafah files from outside of the climate and Alramudh and water can be used in it is Alhoaoualamadgot or steam as in the air heater , and are then CBS -supplied water Alamadgothoakoshv it and change the damaged files and shall maintain the isolation of the boiler to the regions Almovrowalskhan so as not to increase the loss radiation and therefore less efficient boiler.

* Recorders needed to run the boiler : -

1) temperature recorder gases when Djulhallmovr .
2 ) Registered gas temperature at the exit of the provider.
3 ) Registered Alshablgazat the combustion when entering the provider.
4) Registered clouds to combustion gases when the provider Khrugeamn .

Evidenced by the high loss in the clouds between the 3.4 that the provider needed Elynzafah and it has been Ramudh deposition on its files.

The high gases Bdrjhhrarh the exit and exit of water at low temperature reduces the efficiency of the boiler and shows Alyadm the cleanliness of the provider .

8 - air heater Air Heater: -

* Using to raise Drjhhrarh of air necessary for combustion to raise the efficiency of the fire.
* Geyser riding in Msaralgazat after the provider before they leave to the chimney.
* A heat exchanger Tmralgazat the inside of pipes and the air from outside.
* The speed of the air in the heater 3-8 m / s.
Usually taken 7 m / s.
* Supports the installation of the heater and provider on Tsamamalmrgel there is not a heater boilers conditioning and the other does not have a provider and a third supplied Skhanalhoa .

But all the water pipes boilers roasted .

9 - Chimney Stack : -

* Passes by the combustion gases to the atmosphere.
* Different dimensions ( diameter - height) by boiler design , and by the presence of a fan to pull gases . Or rely on Shbatabiei the Natural Draft.
* Can be manufactured from sheet and isolate brick convection Phippdaatha .
* Vary the temperature of the gases emerging from the chimney based Almdkhnaodrjh height ambient temperature .

10 - boiler buildings : -

* Brick Aharariotakhtlv the ratio الألو Minya where depending on temperature .
* When flame الفونية the alumina ratio of 65 % where the temperature up to 2000 degrees Celsius.
* The inside the oven Nsphalolmunya 45 %.
* Brick has different forms signed by both behind the pipes Almiahpjoinb boiler or in other places .
* You must care well with buildings use Monahraria even does not happen any air leakage inside the boiler and reduces the efficiency of the fire.


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Necessary extensions to the boiler : -



It is often pumps repellent Mrkzahmtaddh the stages to be given high pressure of about 1.25 -1.5 , such as boiler pressure .

* Pump Qdtstaml the one to feed more than one boiler .
* To ensure the operation of boiler must Mnugod the feed pump run by steam turbine .

2 - Alderitr the Dearator: -

* Is used to separate or expulsion of oxygen from the feed water .
* Pass water Mntalmbat nutrition to him before it enters the boiler in order to ensure water does not enter
Oxygen Elyalmovr or boiler and therefore to prevent the oxygen corrosion ( rust ) .

3 - Talmbatalucod : -

* Whereby fuel injection ( diesel ) to الفونية the fire .
* Often from awarding pumps or Leptospira .



* Air pump needed to the fire to الفونية process .
* Dguetalhoa ( 140 - 160 mm of water ) .

5 - fan pull gases Induced D.F. : -

Its existence depends on type Draft clouds in the boiler.
If Natural natural clouds , there is no fan .
* Since the amount of gases and air great ability of Almrouhhaalah .. Has been managed in some boilers by a steam turbine .

6 - Ilov safety Safety Valves: -

* Wrap the security of the boiler operating steam pressure .
* Blvoman on toast .

7 - reservoirs Tanks: -

* Water treatment :

After the treatment plant to feed the boiler , a large tank .

* Fuel :

- A large reservoir to supply factory بالمازوت .
- Small tanks for daily consumption .

8 - Thbloh run the boiler Control Panel: -

It Thbloh most Mfatyhalchgal to the boiler and equipment as well as related control devices in the boiler .. So Chgilalmrgel can from one place .. Recording devices and has the measurements ( amp - pressure - temperature - drainage , etc. ) .

9 - Alheiabat the Soat Blower: -

Is a way to clean surfaces Muasiramahmas and the provider and the air heater of carbon deposited from the combustion gases and use cleaning Alboukharfa .

10 - diesel heaters Fuel Heaters: -

Used to raise diesel Drjhhrarh and especially in the winter to reduce his wife when الفونية to raise the efficiency of the fire .. Tsaldrjh fuel oil temperature to 100 degrees Celsius.

11 - gauges Measuring Instruments: -

1 - acted devices :
- The amount of water feeding / s . - The amount of steam / h .
- The amount of fuel / s. - The amount of water the continuous blowdown / o .

2 - Pressure Ojhzhkies :
- Roasted steam pressure . - Pressure steam boiler.
-,, Nutrition water. - , Fuel.

3 - temperature measuring devices .

4 - a device measure Mnsopaldguet in the boiler.

5 - suction pressure gauges to measure when the following points :

- Combustion gases before air heater .
- ,,,, , ,,,.
- Alhoaand Login heater.
-,, ,, Leaving the heater.
- ,,,, When box Alhoaellfonah .

6 - Orsat Gas Analyzer Mobile : -

To analyze the proportion of CO 2 , as a 1 .



* Automatic Ojhzhaltgm in the amount of feed water .
* ,,,, ,,,, Temperature Alboukharamahmas .
* ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, Fuel.
* ,,,, ,,,, Fan discharge gases.
* ,,,, ,,,, Fuel pressure .
* ,,,, ,,,, Steam required for atomization .
* ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, Fuel heater .
* Automatic control devices in pressure Alderitr .
* ,,,, ,,,, Level of Alderitr .

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Steam boiler problems and methods of treatment

Divided Mchaclalemragel :

(A) feed water problems .
(B) problems Add Mahalelalkimawih " caustic soda solution
And tri- sodium phosphate solution "
(C ) fuel Mchakharik .
(D) the problems of pipes and pressure vessels .

(A) problems Myahalngveh and methods of treatment :
The problem : the presence of water hardness nutrition.
Reason: use Maahgar address .

Methods of Treatment:
1 - on the efficiency of detection exchangers remove hardship " resin " as well as the quantity of each heat exchanger .
2 - Activate resin exchanges and operating Alaltazambmadlat which our factories 18 hours of work for each exchanger and the work of two activated instead Mnuahdh .
3 - detection wrap exchangers for fear of washing to be smuggling.
4 - station Madltsrv highest supposed requires the reduction of flow rate to the rate imposed .
5 - hardness of water entering the top of the embargo and requires either a water- softening initially Basthaddamosalib the creation of treated water or reduce the rates act so as to reduce the rate of Almiahlkl liter resin is less than 10 to Termaah / liter by hardship initial number of raw water .
6 - Make sure there are no sources of feed water only water intensive and Almiahalmaaljh the .
7 - When the boiler water hardness " inside the boiler " need to add sodium Thelathivosvat solution quickly so get rid of hardship inside the boiler and organize the blowdown intraday process .

The problem : the presence of dissolved oxygen ratio high nutrition cause water in oxygen Hdothaltakl for metal tubes , boiler .
Reason: the failure to remove of oxygen feeding Almugodbmaah .
Treatment : the need to ensure the efficient use of gas separator Aalahghaderh access to the concentration of oxygen in the water beyond it in limits Alnsphalorteurh and that depends on the boiler operating conditions in terms of suction.
The problem : the existence of oil ( mineral oil ) in nutrition and water that cause foam بالمراجل and operating temperature Kaaazllantqal .
Reason: leakage of with relapsing water from the steam condenser of Alalatwaladd that steam and use water - intensive ones.