551.46 / V.I
AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
BY
WILLIAMS S. VON ARX, SC.D.
Contents
Early exploration and ideas
One geological and astronomical backgrounds
The geometry of the oceans -The age of the oceans
The origins of sea water - Stability of the ocean basins
Fluctuations of sea level- Rigidity of the earth
Figure of earth - Motions of the earth
Tides and other waves
The differential force of attraction -The equilibrium tide
The pendulum day -Particle motions in simple waves
The Kelvin wave - Embayment tides -Prediction of the real tide
The tide bore-the tsunami -The tsunami - Wave concepts
Nontidal waves - Refraction -Diffraction - Internal waves
Fluid mechanics
Pressure- Continuity -The coriolis force- Inertial space
Pressure gradient forces- Equation of motion - Euler's expansion
The steady state- Geotropic motion -Margule's equation
Meander motion-Cyclostrophic motion vorticity
Frictional effects - Ekman sprial –the vorticity equation
Characteristics of sea water
Density - Salinity -Temperature-salinity diagram
Adiabatic affects - Stratification -Heat capacity
Penetration of visible light
Advective processes
Energy units- Insolation -Greenhouse effect- Heat distribution
Heat transport- Structure of the atmosphere the planetary win field
The wind-driven circulation -coupling
Ekman model of the barotropic ocean circulation
Iselin’s concept of the north atlantic circulation
Torque of the surface winds
Vorticity theory of the wind-driven circulation
The observed circulation - Equatorial currents
Convective processes
Ocean climates /heat budget of the oceans
Flux of sensible heat /oceanic radiation
Evaporation /conditioning of surface water
Climatic overturning /thermohaline motions
Current measurements by direct methods
Units of measurement /eulerian methods
Lagrangian methods /position /synoptic charts
Current measurements by indirect methods
The geostrophic methods
The electromagnetic methods
Physical principles -instrumentation
Combined uses of electromagnetic and geostrophic methods
Prospects
Laboratory models
Similarity and characteristic number
Models of small inshore areas
Models of intermediate size areas
Models of oceans -voracity modeling
The gulf stream problem
Geography of the Gulf Stream system
Superficial appearances -Origins of gulf system water
Main thermocline layer /structure of the current
Seasonal changes /synoptic oceanography
Multiple currents /rapid changes in the gulf stream
Tidal modulation of flow rates - A note on methods
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