Fish Pharmacology& Toxicology

By

GOVIND PANDEY

Preface

This reference book, "Fish Pharmacology and Toxicology," is devoted to the researchers, scientists, teachers, and students concerned with the pharmacology and toxicology of fishery and veterinary sciences, and other related disciplines of biological sciences. The text and research matters incorporated in this book are really resourceful research tools which will certainly fulfill the purpose of all these concerns. Pharmacology correlates other biological sciences, e.g., biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, toxicology, medicine, and genetics. In contrast to "pharmacy," which is the science of  the preparation and dispensing of drugs, "pharmacology" is the science behind how drugs produce their effects on the body and what the body does to the drugs we take. Several people are interested in pharmacology because drugs occupy such a prominent place in everyday life. Constant progress in medicine involves the design of new drugs Wish can cure cancers, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and many other diseases Scientists often find pharmacology useful in their own area of ​​specialization; for example, physiologists, biochemists, zoologists and psychologists may use drugs to define the function of a biological system that they are studying.

Toxicology is a branch of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Medicine concerned with the study of   adverse or harmful effects of chemicals of drugs, or substances on living organisms. It involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a poison/toxicant. Toxicity (or poisoning) refers to the amount of a toxicant which is necessary to cause a detrimental effect. relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. Toxicologists are concerned with the safety of drugs and chemicals, which are part of our everyday lives, as they have the potential to contaminate the environment and our food supply. A good knowledge of pharmacology and toxicology is also an important part of the training of doctors, physicians, dentists, nurses, Pharmacists

veterinarians, fishery scientists and toxicologists. 'General principles' of "Fish Toxicology" describe bioavailability of chemicals present in the aquatic environment to fish, processes governing chemical distribution within them, how fish metabolize organic chemicals and fundamental mechanisms of chemical or drug toxicity. The 'key target systems and organismal effects of fish toxicology describe the key target organ systems for chemical impacts in fish, how chemicals produce cancer in these animals and how fish can develop resistance to chemical or drug toxicity. The 'methodologies and applications' covers the methods for assessment of chemical effects on the fish like toxicity tests, biomarkers, simulated ecosystems and modeling approaches, and the use of data from such studies in ecological risk assessments. The 'case studies' provide examples of how the principles and approaches are actually useful. Illustrated by case studies of actual, large-scale field investigations, the "Fish Toxicology" assesses the untoward effects in laboratory models and wild fish. Therefore in fish, as in humans, livestock, companion animals, equines, wild animals and laboratory animals, pharmacology and toxicology cover all researches involved with basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, randomized controlled clinical trials and rational pharmacology. Human medicines may potentially induce similar pharmacological and toxicological actions in fish.

Fish not only play an important role in the demand of food for humans but they are widely used as 'model organisms' for various biological experiments, including pharmacological and toxicological researches. Potential for application of research findings to both human and environmental health issues makes fish species attractive and valuable alternative 'models' in the toxicity and cancer research. Recognizing differences in the physiology of fish is essential to understanding the problems associated with drug approval for the aquatic environment. Ectothermic animals change body temperatures through a wide range, affecting both the uptake and distribution and biotransformation of drugs. Antibiotic, sulphonamide, anticancer, immunostimulatory, antiparasitic, anaesthetic, pesticide, herbal drugs, etc. and vaccines, besides the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters have been well experimented in different species of fish. Fish and other aquatic organisms are exposed from different substances like chemicals, drugs, toxicants, pollutants or poisons. Most of these substances or their metabolites cause environmental pollution, leading to toxicity and various diseases including cancer. The environmental pollutants have been responsible for induction of chemical carcinogenesis in fish. Cancer is a very dangerous condition affecting to humans as well as animals since time immemorial. It is a group of more than hundreds of diseases, and is major killer in most of the countries. Therefore, the fishery scientists must develop the skill in recognizing the action and toxicity of

such toxic substances in fish.

Contents

Preface

Introductive Consideration

Fish Research Model in Pharmacology and Toxicology

Pharmacological Regimens of Various Fish Diseases

Medicinal Plants Acting Against Some Fish Diseases

Herbal Feed Supplements for Fish Health and Disease

Toxicity to Fishes by Drugs,Chemicals or Pollutants

Toxicity of Pesticides in Fish

Some Toxicants or Pollutants Causing Cancer in Fish

***for more please visit the library***

 Prep. / Mona Mahmoud