Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

By                                                    

                             Glenn Clayton

Preface

Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of   materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

      Some of the first tools to help launch the nanoscience revolution were the so-called scanning probe instruments. All types of scanning probe instruments are based on an idea first developed at the IBM Laboratory in Zurich in the 1980s. Essentially, the idea is a simple one: if you rub your finger along a surface, it is easy to distinguish velvet from steel or wood from tar. The different materials exert different forces on your finger as you drag it along the different surfaces. In these experiments, your finger acts like a force measurement structure. It is easier to slide it across a satin sheet than across warm tar because the warm tar exerts a stronger force dragging back the finger. This is the idea of the scanning force microscope, one of the common types of scanning probe.

In scanning probe measurements, the probe, also called a tip, slides along a surface in the same way your finger does. The probe is of nanoscale dimensions, often only a single atom in size where it scans the target. As the probe slides, it can measure several different properties, each of which corresponds to a different scanning probe measurement. For example, in atomic force microscopy (AFM), electronics are used to measure the force exerted on the probe tip as it moves along the surface. This is exactly the measurement made by your sliding finger, reduced to the nanoscale.

Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale precision. Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nanometers (nm) are considered to be products of nanotechnology. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9 m) and is the unit of length that is generally most appropriate for describing the size of single molecules. The nanoscale marks the nebulous boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical worlds; thus, realization of nanotechnology promises to bring revolutionary capabilities. Fabrication of nanomachines, nanoelectronics and other nanodevices will undoubtedly solve a an enormous amount of the problems faced by mankind today. Nanotechnology is currently in a very infantile stage. However, we products available as a direct result of our rapidly increasing ability to fabricate and now have the ability to organize matter on the atomic scale . and there are already numerous characterize feature sizes less than 100 nm.

Mirrors that don't fog, biomimetic paint with a contact. angle near 180°, gene chips and fat soluble vitamins in aqueous beverages are some of the first manifestations s of nanotechnology. However, imminent b breakthroughs in computer science and medicine is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to bring about mature n nanotechnology. Focusing will be where the real potential of nanotechnology will first be a achieved. Nanoscience on the nanoscale intersection of fields such as physics, , biology, engineering,chemistry, computer science and more, nanoscience is rapidly expanding. Nanotechnology cen are popping up around the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology market share increases.

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular seals This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its originsta sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottome up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products. One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10-9, of a meter. Bya comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a a molecule, are in the range 0.12-0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter a around 2 nm.

This book introduces the reader to the world of nanotechnology by giving them in depth details of different aspects of the field.

Contents

Chapter1: Introduction

Chapter2:Nanotechnology

Chapter3: Quantum Nanoscience

Chapter4:Nanostructures and Nanotechnology

Chapter5:Nanomaterials

Chapter6:Nanomachines and Nanotechnology

Chapter7: Quantum Mechanics

Chapter8:Molecular Nanotechnology

***for more please visit the library***

 Prep. / Ayman Ashry        

Manage. / Mona Mahmoud

المصدر: : Published by ED- Tech Press