*** What is cellulose?

- Cellulose is a polysaccharide carbohydrate compound.

- The chemical structure of cellulose (C6H10O5) n.

- The type of cellulose a, b,y.

*** Cellulose properties:

1- Insoluble in water.

2- Degrades by acids into small units of (glucose).

3- Charcoaled by sulfuric acid (H2SO4) into carbon.

*** Acetylating of cellulose:

- produces  cellulose  acetate  that  can   be cast as films or sheets.

- These are used as packaging it the plastic around a package of cigarettes, cellulose acetate also can be an excellent semi permeable membrane.

- However its non-polar nature makes fouling by organic substances a major problem in applications with water.

*** Mercerization of cellulose:

- The treatment or reaction between the "cellulose fiber "and the "alkaline solution - NaOH-” to produce “artificial silk ".

*** Nitrification of cellulose:

- The treatment or reaction between the "cellulose fiber "and the "acidic solution of (HNO3 + H2SO4)” to produce “Nitrocellulose ".

*** Associated materials with cellulose:

1- Lignin (17-15) % of plant components.

2- Hemicelluloses non-cellulose polysaccharide compound, Degrades into pentose-hexode.

3-Waxes, resins, salts.

*** Protein Artifacts:

---- Like: Silk and wool textiles

Bone and lvory

Mummies

Leather and parchment

*** What is protein?

Protein is polymer of amino acids.

It mainly composed of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ,nitrogen , addition to presence of phosphor and sulfur.

*** Name of protein:

1- Collagen --- leather

2-casein --- milk

3- oscine --- bone and lvory

4-keratin --- wool .hair and feather.

*** Proteins:

- Proteins are organic molecules consisting of many amino acids bonded together.

- Amino acids: monomers or building blocks of all proteins.

*** Parts of the amino acid:

a) Amino group (NH2).

b) Carboxyl group (COOH).

c) R-group: variable - 20 R-group, so only 20 amino acids.

-Peptide bonds: bond formed when 2amino acids bond.

*** Properties protein:

What the difference between "protein" and other "organic matters"?

1) Protein composed of selected units of amino acids and mineral salts , wherever cellulose composed of similar and repeated units of glucose..

2) Protein absorbs water through electrical ability of Hydrogen ions.

3) Protein consists of Nitrogen but oils and resins never.

4-protein affected by acids, alkali and enzymes breakdown into mono amino acids.

5) Protein affected by moisture and rotted by bacteria and fungi.